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In this paper, we investigate a design approach of reinforcement learning to engineer a gyroscope in an optical lattice for the inertial sensing of rotations. Our methodology is not based on traditional atom interferometry, that is, splitting, reflecting, and recombining wavefunction components. Instead, the learning agent is assigned the task of generating lattice shaking sequences that optimize the sensitivity of the gyroscope to rotational signals in an end-to-end design philosophy. What results is an interference device that is completely distinct from the familiar Mach-Zehnder-type interferometer. For the same total interrogation time, the end-to-end design leads to a twentyfold improvement in sensitivity over traditional Bragg interferometry. Published by the American Physical Society2024 

Abstract The ability to cool quantum gases into the quantum degenerate realm has opened up possibilities for an extreme level of quantum-state control. In this paper, we investigate one such control protocol that demonstrates the resonant amplification of quasimomentum pairs from a Bose–Einstein condensate by the periodic modulation of the two-bodys-wave scattering length. This shows a capability to selectively amplify quantum fluctuations with a predetermined momentum, where the momentum value can be spectroscopically tuned. A classical external field that excites pairs of particles with the same energy but opposite momenta is reminiscent of the coherently-driven nonlinearity in a parametric amplifier crystal in nonlinear optics. For this reason, it may be anticipated that the evolution will generate a ‘squeezed’ matter-wave state in the quasiparticle mode on resonance with the modulation frequency. Our model and analysis is motivated by a recent experiment by Clarket althat observed a time-of-flight pattern similar to an exploding firework (Clarket al2017Nature551356–9). Since the drive is a highly coherent process, we interpret the observed firework patterns as arising from a monotonic growth in the two-body correlation amplitude, so that the jets should contain correlated atom pairs with nearly equal and opposite momenta. We propose a potential future experiment based on applying Ramsey interferometry to experimentally probe these pair correlations.